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Tintinnid ciliates are a highly diverse and essential group in the marine planktonic microbial loop. However, most of the known tintinnids were recorded only by the lorica characters and very few of them had been studied on their cytological features. In this study, the morphological characters of the lorica, ciliary pattern, nuclear apparatus, ontogenesis, and the molecular phylogeny of two poorly known tintinnid ciliates,  Leprotintinnus nordqvisti  ( Brandt, 1906 )  Kofoid and Campbell (1929)  and  L. simplex  Schmidt (1902) , isolated from coastal waters of southern China, were investigated based on living observation, silver staining, three nuclear ribosomal DNA markers (18S, ITS1-5.8S-ITS2, and 28S genes) and one mitochondrial DNA marker ( CO1  gene). For the first time, the somatic ciliary pattern of the genus  Leprotintinnus  was disclosed,  viz ., comprising a ventral, a dorsal, and a posterior kinety as well as a right, a left, and a lateral ciliary field. The diagnoses of both  Leprotintinnus  species were improved and the neotype was assigned. The ontogenesis of  L. nordqvisti  was in enantiotropic division mode with the new dorsal and posterior kineties generated  de novo . The molecular phylogeny confirmed that  Leprotintinnus  species are closely related to some species of  Tintinnopsis ,  Stylicauda ,  Rhizodomus , and  Climacocylis . The anterior extending of the ventral kinety together with some of the lateral kinety is likely to be a distinguishing feature to determine their systematic relationships. This study also revealed that (i) the lorica of  L. nordqvisti  is polymorphic or plastic; (ii)  Leprotintinnus tubulosus  Roxas (1941)  might be a synonym of  L .  nordqvisti ; (iii)  Leprotintinnus neriticus  sensu  Yoo et al. (1988)  might be a misidentification of  L. simplex .

frontiers in marine science

Taxonomy and Phylogeny of Two Tintinnid Ciliates of Leprotintinnus (Protista, Ciliophora, Choreotrichida) Combining the Loricae, Cytological, Ontogenetic Features, and Barcoding Genes