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Three field surveys were conducted in the outer Changjiang Estuary on the inner shelf of the East China Sea in March, July, and October, 2018. Observations of total-scale pH (pH T ), total alkalinity (A T ), and calculated total dissolved inorganic carbon (C T ), the partial pressure of CO 2  ( p CO 2 ), and the air–sea CO 2  exchange flux ( F CO 2 ) were studied in the surface waters. The results showed that the Changjiang Diluted Water (CDW) area was a source of atmospheric CO 2  in July and October (4.97 and 8.67 mmol CO 2 /m 2 /day, respectively). The oversaturation of CO 2  was mainly ascribed to the respiration of terrestrial organic and inorganic materials sourced from the Changjiang River discharge, overwhelming the CO 2  uptake due to primary productivity despite the high phytoplankton biomass in summer. The air–sea CO 2  flux was greater in October than in July in the CDW, which is attributed to the increasing wind speed. In contrast, the Yellow Sea Water (YSW) and the East China Sea Shelf Water (ECSSW) were a weak CO 2  sink in March (–0.71 and –2.86 mmol CO 2 /m 2 /day, respectively) and July (–1.28 mmol CO 2 /m 2 /day in the ECSSW) following the CO 2  uptake of phytoplankton production, however, they were a CO 2  source by October (3.30 mmol CO 2 /m 2 /day in the YSW and 1.18 mmol CO 2 /m 2 /day in the ECSSW). The cooling effect during the cold season reduced the sea surface  p CO 2 , resulting in a CO 2  sink in the CDW, YSW, and ECSSW areas in March. However, the regions became a source of atmospheric CO 2  in October, possibly driven by vertical mixing, which brought C T -enriched bottom water to the surface and increased the  p CO 2 . The study region was a net CO 2  sink in March and a net CO 2  source in July and October with an average  F CO 2  of –1.25, 1.71, and 3.06 mmol CO 2 /m 2 /day, respectively.

Seasonal Variability of the Carbonate System and Air–Sea CO2 Flux in the Outer Changjiang Estuary, East China Sea