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Aplacophorans are common inhabitants of the deep-sea, where many places remain unexplored regarding their biodiversity. Filling a gap in knowledge about these animals from the South Atlantic,  Scutopus variabilis  sp. nov. (Caudofoveata, Limifossoridae) is described; further, species distribution modelling (SDM) was performed to elucidate the distribution patterns of Atlantic species of  Scutopus . The type materials of  S. megaradulatus  Salvini-Plawen (1972)  and  S. chilensis  Salvini-Plawen (1972) , were examined and a search was performed for specimens of  Scutopus  held in museum collections.  Scutopus variabilis  sp. nov. has a slender and highly variable body form and a very distinct suture line is present midventrally. Two dominant types of trunk sclerites were observed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM): one elongated with lateral margins slightly concave in medial portion, and another longer, with narrower base; its radula bears up to eight rows of heavily sclerotized teeth bearing 12–16 small denticles. The species occurs in a wide bathymetric range (40–1300 m), being more abundant at the edge between the continental shelf and upper slope. Outside the areas from where these samples were obtained, suitable areas for  S. variabilis  sp. nov. were found in the Southern Caribbean Sea (from where  S. megaradulatus  is recorded) and in the Brazilian Northern coast; the Gulf of Mexico and the Brazilian Northeastern coasts were found as unsuitable. Species of  Scutopus  appear to exhibit different patterns of geographical distribution: the European  S. ventrolineatus  Salvini-Plawen (1968)  and  S. robustus  Salvini-Plawen (1970)  are known as widely distributed, while non-European representants, the American  S. megaradulatus ,  S. chilensis  and  S. variabilis  sp. nov., and the Japanese  S. schanderi  Saito and Salvini-Plawen (2014)  and  S. hamatamii  Saito and Salvini-Plawen (2014)  have more restricted distributions. However, clear and definite patterns of distribution of some of these species are probably blurred by sampling bias, for the European area is better studied. In the Atlantic, the SDM showed that species of  Scutopus  occur in a way that overlapping is minimized. Great sampling efforts combined with detailed descriptions based on SEM have revealed an interesting, abundant and up to now undescribed Brazilian deep-sea malacofauna.

frontiers in marine science

Better Alone Than in Bad Company: New Species of Caudofoveate Limifossorid (Mollusca, Aplacophora) Unravels Patterns of Distribution Hidden in the Deep Atlantic