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Background  Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have revolutionized systemic anti-tumor treatments across different types of cancer. Nevertheless, predictive biomarkers regarding treatment response are not routinely established yet. Apart from T-lymphocytes, the humoral immunity of B-lymphocytes is studied to a substantially lesser extent in the respective setting. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate peripheral blood B-cell subtypes as potential predictors of ICI treatment response.    Methods  Thirty-nine cancer patients receiving ICI therapy were included into this prospective single-center cohort study. All had a first blood draw at the date before treatment initiation and a second at the time of first response evaluation (after 8-12 weeks). Seven different B-cell subtypes were quantified by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). Disease control- (DCR) and objective response rate (ORR) were co-primary study endpoints.    Results  Overall, DCR was 48.7% and ORR was 25.6%, respectively. At baseline, there was no significant association of any B-cell subtype with neither DCR nor ORR. At the first response evaluation, an increase in the frequency of CD21 -  B-cells was a statistically significant negative predictor of response, both regarding DCR (OR=0.05, 95%CI=0.00-0.67,  p =0.024) and ORR (OR=0.09, 95%CI=0.01-0.96,  p =0.046). An increase of the frequency of switched memory B-cells was significantly associated with reduced odds for DCR (OR=0.06, 95%CI=0.01-0.70,  p =0.025). Patients with an increased frequency of naïve B-cells were more likely to benefit from ICI therapy as indicated by an improved DCR (OR=12.31, 95%CI=1.13-134.22,  p =0.039).    Conclusion  In this study, certain B-cell subpopulations were associated with ICI treatment response in various human cancer types.

frontiers in immunology

Patterns of Peripheral Blood B-Cell Subtypes Are Associated With Treatment Response in Patients Treated With Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: A Prospective Longitudinal Pan-Cancer Study