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Transcription factors (TFs) modulate genes involved in cell-type-specific proliferative and migratory properties, metabolic features, and effector functions. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is one of the most important pathogen agents in the porcine industry; however, TFs have been poorly studied during the course of this disease. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the expressions of the TFs  T-bet ,  GATA3 ,  FOXP3 , and Eomesodermin ( EOMES ) in target organs (the lung, tracheobronchial lymph node, and thymus) and those of different effector cytokines ( IFNG ,  TNFA , and  IL10 ) and the Fas ligand ( FASL ) during the early phase of infection with PRRSV-1 strains of different virulence. Target organs from mock-, virulent Lena-, and low virulent 3249-infected animals humanely euthanized at 1, 3, 6, 8, and 13 days post-infection (dpi) were collected to analyze the PRRSV viral load, histopathological lesions, and relative quantification through reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) of the TFs and cytokines. Animals belonging to both infected groups, but mainly those infected with the virulent Lena strain, showed upregulation of the TFs  T-bet ,  EOMES , and  FOXP3 , together with an increase of the cytokine  IFN-γ  in target organs at the end of the study (approximately 2 weeks post-infection). These results are suggestive of a stronger polarization to Th1 cells and regulatory T cells (Tregs), but also CD4 +  cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), effector CD8 +  T cells, and γδT cells in virulent PRRSV-1-infected animals; however, their biological functionality should be the object of further studies.

Activation of T-bet, FOXP3, and EOMES in Target Organs From Piglets Infected With the Virulent PRRSV-1 Lena Strain