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Neutrophils play an important role in the outcome of leishmaniasis, contributing either to exacerbating or controlling the progression of infection, a dual effect whose underlying mechanisms are not clear. We recently reported that CD4 +  and CD8 +  T cells, and dendritic cells of  Leishmania amazonensis- infected mice present high expression of PD-1 and PD-L1, respectively. Given that the PD-1/PD-L1 interaction may promote cellular dysfunction, and that neutrophils could interact with T cells during infection, we investigated here the levels of PD-L1 in neutrophils exposed to  Leishmania  parasites. We found that both, promastigotes and amastigotes of  L. amazonensis  induced the expression of PD-L1 in the human and murine neutrophils that internalized these parasites  in vitro . PD-L1-expressing neutrophils were also observed in the ear lesions and the draining lymph nodes of  L. amazonensis -infected mice, assessed through cell cytometry and intravital microscopy. Moreover, expression of PD-L1 progressively increased in neutrophils from ear lesions as the disease evolved to the chronic phase. Co-culture of infected neutrophils with  in vitro  activated CD8 +  T cells inhibits IFN-γ production by a mechanism dependent on PD-1 and PD-L1. Importantly, we demonstrated that  in vitro  infection of human neutrophils by  L braziliensis  induced PD-L1 +  expression and also PD-L1 +  neutrophils were detected in the lesions of patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis. Taken together, these findings suggest that the  Leishmania  parasite increases the expression of PD-L1 in neutrophils with suppressor capacity, which could favor the parasite survival through impairing the immune response.

Leishmania Parasites Drive PD-L1 Expression in Mice and Human Neutrophils With Suppressor Capacity