English (United Kingdom)

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/featured_content/oa?rat=en

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/highlighted_journal/

Global: Zendy Plus annual

Presents the access of premium content as premium feature

Premium Content

Presents the keyphrase highlighting as premium feature

Keyphrase Highlighting

Presents the summarisation as premium feature

Summarisation

Insights

Presents the pdf analysis as premium feature

PDF Analysis

Presents the zaia usage as premium feature

ZAIA

Global: Zendy Tools annual

Global: Zendy Free Plan

Global: Zendy Tools monthly

Global: Zendy Plus monthly

The preharvest environment provides a suitable platform for the emergence and dissemination of multidrug resistant pathogenic bacteria. This could be detrimental to public health and may lead to fresh produce related disease outbreaks when transferred to the food web. This study evaluated the occurrence and antibiogram fingerprints of the pathogenic strains of  Escherichia coli  ( E. coli ) recovered from irrigation water and agricultural soil samples in fresh produce farms in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa.  E. coli  was isolated, pathotyped and screened for antibiogram fingerprints using standard cultural and molecular methods. An antibiogram-based K-means cluster analysis and neighbour-joining dendrogram was used to elucidate the relatedness of the isolates. Of the confirmed isolates, 37% harboured at least one of the screened virulence genes (VGs) that encode for intestinal and extraintestinal  E. coli  pathovars. The most prevalent pathovar/associated VG in all the samples was Enterohemorrhagic  E. coli / stx 2. Of all the antimicrobials tested,  E. coli  pathovars conferred the highest resistance against ampicillin with a median single antimicrobial resistance (AMR) index of 0.23 (IQR: 0.10–0.38, 95% CI: 0.16–0.27) for pathovars from irrigation water and 0.01 (IQR: 0.01–0.03, 95% CI: 0.01–0.03) for pathovars from agricultural soil. About 60 and 20% of the pathovars from irrigation water and agricultural soil were multi drug resistant with a median multiple AMR index of 0.41 (IQR: 0.25–0.52, 95% CI: 0.31–0.47) and 0.38 (IQR: 0.23–0.66, 95% CI: 0.19–0.69) respectively. The most prevalent resistance genes detected were  sul I , cat II,  tet A and  Amp C across all sample types. The  bla  TEM  was the most prevalent extended-spectrum β-lactamase resistance gene detected. A positive correlation between the phenotypic and genotypic AMR profiles of the pathovars in irrigation water samples, r = 0.6,  p  ≤ 0.01 and agricultural soil samples, r = 0.8,  p  ≤ 0.01 was recorded. The antibiogram based dendrogram generated 11 and 7 clades from irrigation water and agricultural soil samples respectively, indicating that the isolates are highly diversified. The findings revealed the occurrence of highly diversified multidrug resistant  E. coli  pathovars in the preharvest environment, indicating potential public health threats.

frontiers in environmental science

High Levels of Multi Drug Resistant Escherichia coli Pathovars in Preharvest Environmental Samples: A Ticking Time Bomb for Fresh Produce Related Disease Outbreak