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Gold nanoparticles functionalized with  iso DGR, a tripeptide motif that recognizes αvβ3 integrin overexpressed in tumor vessels, have been used as nano-vectors for the delivery of cytokines to tumors. Functionalization of nanogold with this peptide has been achieved by coating nanoparticles with a peptide-albumin conjugate consisting of heterogeneous molecules with a variable number of linkers and peptides. To reduce nanodrug heterogeneity we have designed, produced and preclinically evaluated a homogeneous and well-defined reagent for nanogold functionalization, consisting of a head-to-tail cyclized CG iso DGRG peptide ( iso1 ) coupled  via  its thiol group to maleimide-PEG 11 -lipoamide (LPA). The resulting  iso1 -PEG 11 -LPA compound can react with nanogold  via  lipoamide to form a stable bond.  In vitro  studies have shown that  iso1 , after coupling to nanogold, maintains its capability to bind purified αvβ3 and αvβ3-expressing cells. Nanogold functionalized with this peptide can also be loaded with bioactive tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF) to form a bi-functional nanodrug that can be stored for three days at 37°C or >1 year at low temperatures with no loss αvβ3-binding properties and TNF-cytolytic activity. Nanoparticles functionalized with both  iso1  and TNF induced tumor eradication in WEHI-164 fibrosarcoma-bearing mice more efficiently than nanoparticles lacking the  iso1  targeting moiety. These results suggest that  iso1 -PEG 11 -LPA is an efficient and well-defined reagent that can be used to produce robust and more homogeneous nano-vectors for the delivery of TNF and other cytokines to αvβ3 positive cells.

Nanogold Functionalized With Lipoamide-isoDGR: A Simple, Robust and Versatile Nanosystem for αvβ3-Integrin Targeting