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Treatment according to the dynamic changes of bacterial load  in vivo  is critical for preventing progression of bacterial infections. Here, we present a lead sulfide quantum dots (PbS QDs) based second near-infrared (NIR-II) fluorescence imaging strategy for bacteria detection and real-time  in vivo  monitoring. Four strains of bacteria were labeled with synthesized PbS QDs which showed high bacteria labeling efficiency  in vitro . Then bacteria at different concentrations were injected subcutaneously on the back of male nude mice for  in vivo  imaging. A series of NIR-II images taken at a predetermined time manner demonstrated changing patterns of photoluminescence (PL) intensity of infected sites, dynamically imaging a changing bacterial load in real-time. A detection limit around 10 2 –10 4  CFU/ml was also achieved  in vivo . Furthermore, analysis of pathology of infected sites were performed, which showed high biocompatibility of PbS QDs. Therefore, under the guidance of our developed NIR-II imaging system, real-time detection and spatiotemporal monitoring of bacterial infection  in vivo  can be achieved, thus facilitating anti-infection treatment under the guidance of the dynamic imaging of bacterial load in future.

Real-Time In Vivo Detection and Monitoring of Bacterial Infection Based on NIR-II Imaging