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Sodium-dodecyl-sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) can be used to separate proteins based mainly on their size such as in denaturing gels. Different staining methods have been reported to observe proteins in the gel matrix, where the most used dyes are generally anionic. Anionic dyes allow for interactions with protonated amino acids, retaining the dye in the proteins. Fluorescent staining is an alternative technique considered to be sensitive, safe, and versatile. Some anionic complexes based on d 6  transition metals have been used for this purpose, where cationic dyes have been less explored in this context. In this work, we synthesized and characterized a new monocationic rhenium complex  fac -[Re(CO) 3 ( deeb ) B2 ] +  (where  deeb  is 4,4′-bis(ethoxycarbonyl)-2,2′-bpy and  B2  is 2,4-di- tert - butyl -6-(3H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridine-2-yl)phenol). We carried out a structural characterization of this complex by MS + , FTIR,  1 H NMR, D 2 O exchange, and HHCOSY. Moreover, we carried out UV-Vis, luminescence, and cyclic voltammetry experiments to understand the effect of ligands on the complex’s electronic structure. We also performed relativistic theoretical calculations using the B3LYP/TZ2P level of theory and R-TDDFT within a dielectric continuum model (COSMO) to better understand electronic transitions and optical properties. We finally assessed the potential of  fac -[Re(CO) 3 ( deeb ) B2 ] +  (as well as the precursor  fac -Re(CO) 3 ( deeb )Br and the free ligand  B2 ) to stain proteins separated by SDS-PAGE. We found that only  fac -[Re(CO) 3 ( deeb ) B2 ] +  proved viable to be directly used as a luminescent dye for proteins, presumably due to its interaction with negatively charged residues in proteins and by weak interactions provided by  B2 . In addition,  fac -[Re(CO) 3 ( deeb ) B2 ] +  seems to interact preferentially with proteins and not with the gel matrix despite the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). In future applications, these alternative cationic complexes might be used alone or in combination with more traditional anionic compounds to generate counterion dye stains to improve the process.

frontiers in chemistry

New Cationic fac-[Re(CO)3(deeb)B2]+ Complex, Where B2 Is a Benzimidazole Derivative, as a Potential New Luminescent Dye for Proteins Separated by SDS-PAGE