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Published in: “Trends in High Performance & Large Scale Computing” Lucio Grandinetti and Gerhard Joubert editors, IOS Press publisher The Evolution of Research and Education Networks and their Essential Role in Modern Science William JOHNSTON, Evangelos CHANIOTAKIS, Eli DART, Chin GUOK, Joe METZGER, Brian TIERNEY ESnet, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Abstract. ESnet – the Energy Sciences Network – has the mission of enabling the aspects of the US Department of Energy’s Office of Science programs and facilities that depend on large collaborations and large-scale data sharing to accomplish their science. The Office of Science supports a large fraction of all U.S. physical science research and operates many large science instruments and supercomputers that are used by both DOE and University researchers. The network requirements of this community have been explored in some detail by ESnet and a long- term plan has been developed in order to ensure adequate networking to support the science. In this paper we describe the planning process (which has been in place for several years and was the basis of a new network that is just now being completed and a new set of network services) and examine the effectiveness and adequacy of the planning process in the light of evolving science requirements. Keywords. Energy Sciences Network (ESnet), networks for large-scale science, network planning. 1. Background The US Department of Energy’s Office of Science (“SC”) is the single largest supporter of basic research in the physical sciences in the United States providing more than 40 percent of total funding for this area. SC manages its research portfolio through program offices, each of which has a specific set of goals: This work was supported by the Director, Office of Science, Office of Advanced Computing Research, of the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231.