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Health and social consequences of marital violence: A synthesis of evidence from India This report synthesises what is known about the health and social consequences of marital violence for women in India. It includes both a review of published and unpublished materials, and the presentation of new evidence, from further analysis of surveys of youth available to the Population Council, of these consequences for young women in India. The review focuses on sexual, reproductive and child health consequences, including contraceptive use, experience of symptoms of infection, pregnancy-related care, unintended pregnancy and abortion, foetal, perinatal and early childhood mortality; maternal and child nutrition; and mental health outcomes. It also reviews evidence of a range of social outcomes including substance use, women's autonomy and self-efficacy; and inter-generational effects (witnessing parental violence when growing up). The study was undertaken with support from the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), India. UNFPA, the United Nations Population Fund, is an international development agency that promotes the right of every woman, man and child to enjoy a life of health and equal opportunity. UNFPA supports countries in using population data for policies and programmes to reduce poverty and to ensure that every pregnancy is wanted, every birth is safe, every young person is free of HIV/AIDS, and every girl and woman is treated with dignity and respect. The Population Council is an international, non-profit, non-governmental organisation that seeks to improve the wellbeing and reproductive health of current and future generations around the world and to help achieve a humane, equitable and sustainable balance between people and resources. The Council conducts biomedical, social science and public health research, and helps build research capacities in developing countries. iii Acknowledgements vii Executive summary xi Chapter 1: Introduction 1 Introduction and objectives 1 Definitions and consequences of intimate partner violence: Framework for analysis 2 Methodology 4 Chapter 2: Marital violence in India: The situation 6 Chapter 3: Marital violence and sexual and reproductive health consequences 12 Modern contraceptive use 12 Unintended pregnancy and abortion 16 Reproductive tract infection, sexually transmitted infection and HIV 22 Pregnancy-related complications and care seeking 32 Foetal, perinatal and early childhood mortality 36 Chapter 4: Marital violence and the nutritional status of women and children 44 Nutritional status of women 44 Nutritional status of children 44 Chapter 5: Marital violence and mental health consequences 50 Chapter 6: Marital violence and social consequences 58 Substance use 58 Women's …