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Tuberculosis (TB) has re-emerged over the past three decades worldwide. Molecular epidemiology (ME) is very usefulin thestudy of the phenotypic variation among strains, tracking the geographic distribution and clonal expansion of specifi c strains, to evaluate the transmissibility, virulence, and immunogenicity of different lineages of the organism. ME studies over the last three decades have contributed by answering long standing questions, such as the proportion of cases attributable to recent transmission, risk factors for recent transmission, the occurrence of infection with multiple strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the proportion of recurrent TB cases attributable to re-infection and a more precise quantifi cation of mixed infection. In the laboratory, ME can be used to identify cross contamination.Many new DNA typing methods have been proposed after the initialintroduction of restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) in 1993 which is still in use. Most of the newer DNA typing methods are polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based.Since genotyping continues to unravel the biology of mycobacteria,it offers enormous promise in the fi ght against and prevention of the diseases caused by this pathogen.

Relevance of Genotyping for the Clinical Management, Transmission and Control Programs of Tuberculosis