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Urbanization has been cited as an important factor in worldwide amphibian declines, and although recent work has illustrated the important influence of broad-scale ecological patterns and processes on amphibian populations, little is known about the factors structuring amphibian communities in urban landscapes. We therefore examined amphibian community responses to wetland habitat availability and landscape characteristics along an urban-rural gradient in central Iowa (USA), a region experiencing rapid suburban growth. Urban density had a significant negative influence on overall anuran abundance and diversity. While every species exhibited a decrease in abundance with increasing urban density, this pattern was especially pronounced for species requiring post-breeding upland habitats. Anurans most affected by urbanization were those associated with short hydroperiods, early breeding activity, and substantial upland habitat use. Two species, the bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) and to a lesser extent the cricket frog (Acris crepitans), had a higher relative abundance with increased landscape fragmentation. This may indicate a greater ability to persist in permanent urban wetlands, which have a limited availability of upland non-breeding habitats. We suggest that broadscale landscape fragmentation is an important factor underlying anuran community

Anuran community structure and wetland occupancy along an urban-rural gradient in central Iowa, USA