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Phosphorus (P) usually is the nutrient that limits and controls algae growth and eutrophication in freshwater bodies. Public concerns about agriculture impacts on water quality and the likelihood of further government regulation have been increasing. A major portion of the public and some in regulatory agencies see reducing P fertilization rates as an effective way of reducing nutrient loss from fields. Economic considerations do not justify P fertilizer rates higher than needed to optimize crop yield. However, utilizing manure N and consideration of the cost of transporting manure may justify applying manure to hightesting soils when other site factors determine a low risk of P loss. Utilizing manure N as much as possible helps farm economics and the environment by reducing N inputs, and transport factors affecting soil and water loss from fields often are more important than soil P levels or P application rates at determining P delivery to water resources. This is the main science supported reason for using a comprehensive tool such as the P index to determine the risk of P loss from fields, instead of just using soil-test P or P rate as the main criteria. However, managing soil-test P and P application appropriately is important, and often is easy to implement and can actually increase profit from crop production.

How can fertilizer and manure management practices reduce dissolved phosphorus loss from fields and improve water quality?