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Generation IV fast nuclear reactor designs are being evaluated to support sustainable development, economic competitiveness, and improved safety of the reactors. Under sodium viewing (USV) using pulse-echo techniques offers the potential for the inspection of liquid sodium-cooled fast reactors (SFRs) at the hot stand-by temperature (260C). However, the harsh environment effects on the transducer reduce the ultrasonic signal strength which also limits the probability of detection (POD) of the defects. Current work presents a unified modeling and measurement-based methodology to analyze the high temperature effects on the transducer components. Resonance analysisbased characterization has shown that the conventional d33 piezoelectric parameter is not a sufficient condition to estimate resonance characteristics of high temperature ultrasonic transducers. A full piezoelectric material matrix needs to be utilized in order to estimate high temperature performance. In seeking materials, BiScO3-PbTiO3 (Bismuth Scandium oxide-lead titanate) is demonstrated to be the piezoelectric material that could potentially be used for hot stand-by mode (260C) inspection of SFRs. However, a high temperature ultrasonic transducer is also a multi-layer system where the interaction of different acoustic layers is equally important as the temperature dependence of a single piezoelectric layer. A 3-layer problem was studied which demonstrated the thermal cycling effect on the interfaces, evident from the echo amplitudes and bandwidth of the frequency response. A unique bimodal resonance phenomenon was also found in the transducer due to interaction of the multiple acoustic layers. Utilizing these insights, design, development and high temperature evaluation of several prototypes was performed in surrogate fluids. This resulted in an air-backed

Analysis of high temperature effects on piezoelectric based ultrasonic transducers