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iii CHAPTER 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION  1 Research Questions  4 Thesis Organization  5 Author Contributions  6 Literature Cited  6 CHAPTER 2 CHARACTERIZING URBAN BUTTERFLY POPULATIONS: THE CASE FOR PURPOSIVE POINT-COUNT SURVEYS  10 Abstract  10 Introduction  11 Methods  15 Results  21 Discussion  24 Summary and Conclusions  29 Acknowledgments  31 Literature Cited  31 Tables and Figures  37 Appendix Supplementary Table  46 CHAPTER 3: CAN CLIMATIC VARIABLES IMPROVE PHENOLOGICAL PREDICTIONS FOR BUTTERFLY SPECIES?  48 Abstract  48 Introduction  49 Methods  53 Results  56 Discussion  58 Summary and Conclusions  60 Acknowledgments 61 References  61 Tables and Figures  64 CHAPTER 4: GENERAL CONCLUSIONS 67 Literature Cited  69

Identification of spatial and temporal parameters to support monitoring of Lepidoptera in urban areas