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Waterhemp (Amaranthus tuberculatus) is an agronomic weed found throughout the Midwestern United States. Without proper management waterhemp has the potential to cause yield losses up to 74% and 56% in maize (Zea mays L.) and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.], respectively. There are various characteristics of waterhemp that contribute to increasing prevalence of waterhemp in agriculture including the ability to evolve herbicide resistance. There are six herbicide sites of action that have been evolved in waterhemp. In 2011, waterhemp was discovered to be resistant to phydroxyphenylpyruvate-dioxygenase (HPPD, EC 1.13.11.27) inhibitor herbicides. The objectives of my research were to 1) identify the number of genes and describe the allelic expression involved with HPPD-herbicide resistance in waterhemp and 2) examine the transcriptomic expression response of HPPD-herbicide resistance in waterhemp. To examine the inheritance of the resistance trait, we reciprocally crossed a known HPPD resistant waterhemp population with a known HPPD susceptible waterhemp population and established a pseudo-F2 generation. We challenged the parent, F1 and pseudo F2 generations against four rates of an HPPD-inhibiting herbicide. The HPPD-resistance trait was determined to be polygenic. Additionally, these data suggest the number of involved resistance genes was found to increase at higher rates of the herbicide with at least one dominant allele at each major locus. This study has confirmed previous reports describing the inheritance of HPPD resistance to be complex while introducing new descriptions of the response of HPPD resistant waterhemp to HPPD herbicides.

A genetic and genomic study of resistance to 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD) inhibitor herbicides in Amaranthus tuberculatus (waterhemp)