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Since the realization of plant genetic modification, transgenic plants have been utilized as platform for the production of valuable recombinant proteins or also known as plant molecular farming (PMF). The plant offers an economical system to reduce cost, the possibility of large scale production and is free of pathogens. The plant also provides versatility of products to accumulate from industrial enzymes, peptides, and pharmaceuticals. Recent advancement of RNA as regulator of gene expression and antiviral responses has shown a new area of research where transgenic plants are used to accumulate therapeutic RNAs. In this study, the reliability of transgenic plants as a platform for the production of industrial enzyme, subunit vaccine and therapeutic RNAs are being evaluated. Key factors that determine the success of molecular farming include 1) robustness of plant genetic transformation, 2) accumulation of large levels of recombinant product, 3) versatility of products to be accumulated, 4) stability of products, and 5) bioactivity of plant-derived products. The first study demonstrated the accumulation of starch-degrading enzyme, amylopullulanase (APU) derived from bacteria Thermoanaerobacter thermohydrosulfuricus in maize seed. Accumulation of thermostable APU in transgenic maize seed resulted in direct starch processing into glucose and simple sugars without the addition of exogenous enzyme. Subsequent fermentation reaction showed 40.2% conversion of starch into bioethanol. This study showed simplification of starch-based bioethanol production from maize grains using a biotechnology approach.

Plant molecular farming for the production of industrial enzyme and vaccines