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Knowledge of the chemicals available during plant-microbe interactions is useful for promoting the growth of beneficial bacteria and predicting pathogen populations and thus the probability of disease. Pseudomonas syringae B728a is able to utilize plant-derived quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs), such as L-carnitine, choline, and choline derivatives, as osmoprotectants and nutrient sources. We explored in detail the biological roles of carnitine and choline-O-sulfate in P. syringae cells, including in culture and during host colonization. Although genes involved in carnitine catabolism were identified in other organisms, the roles of these genes have not been fully elucidated. We analyzed conflicting reports of the carnitine to glycine betaine degradation pathway and provided evidence for a modified pathway based on the growth and accumulation of metabolic intermediates in catabolic mutants. Although carnitine is converted to glycine betaine for accumulation as a compatible solute in B728a, we found that carnitine itself can function as a compatible solute in P. syringae. This was based on both the ability of a carnitine catabolic mutant to derive osmoprotection from carnitine, and the accumulation of carnitine in this mutant as detected using MALDI-MSI. Although we did not detect evidence for carnitine production by bean leaves, we discovered that carnitine is released during bean seed germination, specifically during radicle emergence and elongation, and this carnitine strongly contributed to the growth of B728a on germinating seeds. In exploring the genes involved in the catabolism of choline-O-sulfate (COS), we confirmed that a predicted COS sulfatase was required for catabolizing COS as a nutrient and osmoprotectant, but did not impact P. vulgaris leaf or

The role of plant-derived quaternary ammonium compounds, including carnitine and choline-O-sulfate, on the biology of the plant pathogen Pseudomonas syringae and its interactions with the host species Phaseolus vulgaris