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x CHAPTER I . INTRODUCTION  1 1.1 Overview and Problem Statement  1 1.2 Objectives  3 1.3 Research Scope and Methodology  3 1.4 Expected Results and Contributions  4 CHAPTER II . LITERATURE REVIEW  5 2.1 Cost Estimation Practices of DOTs  5 2.2 Factors Affecting Unit Prices  7 2.3 Current Practices and challenges in adjusting historical unit price for location  9 2.4 Better Engineer’s estimate  10 2.5 Geographic Information System (GIS) in Construction  11 2.6 Interpolation Methods Available in GIS  11 CHAPTER III. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY  16 CHAPTER IV. DATA COLLECTION, CLEANING, AND PREPARATION 18 4.1 Data Collection  18 4.1.1 Iowa department of transportation (DOT) bid data  18 4.1.2 Iowa department of natural resources (Iowa DNR) versus U.S. census bureau shape files 18 4.2 Data attributes  19 4.3 Data joining  20 4.4 Data Preparation 21 CHAPTER V. DEVELOPMENT OF UNIT PRICE SURFACES  24 5.1 Selection of Interpolation Techniques  24 5.1.1 Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW)  24 5.1.2 Kriging  35 5.1.3 Spline  37 5.2 Effect of Urban, Rural, and Sub-Urban Setting on Unit Price  39 5.3 Discussions  43

Spatiotemporal visualization of unit prices of major cost items of transportation projects across Iowa using geographic information systems (GIS)