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Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) maize (Zea mays) was developed primarily for North American pests such as European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis). However, most Bt maize products are also cultivated outside of North America, where the primary pests are different and often have lower susceptibility to Bt toxins. As these Bt maize products are commercialized in new geographies, insect resistance management (IRM) plans for those geographies need to consider these new pest and toxin combinations, instead of assuming the same refuge strategy applies to all pests in all geographies. Before implementing an IRM plan that includes size, placement and configuration of refuge, it is useful to understand the biology and susceptibility of the important pest(s) in each geography. Fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) and black cutworm (Agrotis ipsilon) are examples of global pests with unique biology and susceptibility to Cry1F (expressed in event 1507). The initial behavioral response of each species to Cry1F maize was tested by measuring the time naive third instars spent feeding during a three-minute exposure. I also investigated whether these species had a behavioral and/or toxic response to Cry1F maize. Additional investigation of species susceptibility and ability to overcome an aversive response was conducted by exposing third-instars of each species to Cry1F maize and measuring weight gain and survival for 14 days.

Fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda and black cutworm Agrotis ipsilon susceptibility and avoidance to Bt maize, and implications for global insect resistance management