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vi Chapter 1. Literature Review 1 Foliar plant pathogens of plants 1 Plant defenses and the bacterial type III secretion system 1 The plant hypersensitive response 3 Arabidopsis ndr1-1 mutant plants 4 Measurement of water potential in the plant apoplast during compatible and incompatible interactions using an osmoresponsive gene fusion 4 Bacterial responses to low water potentials 5 Matric and osmotic water stress 6 Methods of direct measurement of mRNA transcripts 7 Thesis organization 8 References 9 Chapter 2. Limitations to the use of transcriptional fusion-based bacterial biosensors for detecting bacterial exposure to low water potentials in planta 14 Introduction 14 Materials and methods 15 Bacterial strains media and growth conditions 15 Isogenic plasmid construction 15 Bacterial inoculation and recovery from plants 16 Evaluation of the effect of a 4 °C incubation on activity of pre-formed InaZ protein 17 Ice nucleation assay 17 β-glucuronidase (GUS) activity assay 17 Results 19 Pre-formed ice nuclei contributed to high background nucleation in reporter cells grown on King’s B medium 19 Water potentials lower than -1.5 MPa were not measurable due to sensitivity limitations of the ice nucleation reporter fusion 21 Measurements of proU-inaZ induction during an incompatible plant interaction were not accurate due to a possible reduction in cell culturability 21 Near-isogenic avirulent biosensor strains indicate that plasmid loss in planta did not significantly alter in planta ice nucleation activity estimates 23 Environmental conditions inside the plant apoplast may influence the activity of the InaZ protein 25 Alternative biosensors based on a proU-uidA fusion exhibited a detection threshold that was unacceptable for biosensor use in planta 26 Discussion 30 References 32 Chapter 3. Comparison of the global expression profiles of P. syringae pv. tomato DC3000 in response to low water potentials due to osmotic versus matric stress 34 Introduction 34 Materials and Methods 35

Evaluation of the expression of water stress-responsive &lt;i&gt;Pseudomonas syringae&lt;/i&gt; genes during plant infection and in the presence of low osmotic versus low matric potential in culture