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For centuries, biologists have asked "why are there so many species, and why do we see such magnificent biological diversity?" This dissertation addresses this question by examining sexual size and shape dimorphism hummingbird bills at both a micro and macroevolutionary scale. Specifically, I quantify sexual size and shape dimorphism of bill morphology of 269 species of hummingbirds and begin with a species-level study to find that community structure might be a driving factor in the evolution of sexual size dimorphism in 2 sister species of hummingbirds, and the presence of sexual shape dimorphism in one of those species. I then broaden my study to a clade-level analysis, examining the Mellisugini clade. I find that, while the majority of hummingbird species in the clade exhibit sexual size dimorphism, only 3 of 32 display shape dimorphism. Exploration of factors that may be underlying these patterns may be community structure, where species-poor communities tend to have a greater degree of sexual dimorphism than those in species-

Understanding biodiversity: The importance of sexual dimorphism in the micro- and macroevolution of hummingbirds