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The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in 1992 aims to stabilize Green House Gases emissions in the atmosphere (Pires et al., 2011). The carbon dioxide (CO2) is the most concerned greenhouse gas (GHG), which is the primary cause for the increasing concentration of atmospheric GHGs, influencing the global environment (Brown, 1993). In recent millennia, global warming has become a very problematic issue (Mishra et al., 2014). The warming of Earth is strongly associated with the sequestration of CO2 degassed from the inside of Earth (Gaillardet and Galy, 2008). The increase in CO2 emission since the onset of industrial revolution from 280 parts per million (ppm) is projected to lead to 540 ppm by the year 2100 (Alamgir and Al-Amin, 2007). The main source behind the rising atmospheric CO2 level is due to fossil fuels combustion and human induced activities (Bolin, 1977; Joshi and Dhyani, 2019). Reduction of CO2 emission and storage of carbon are the faithful options to mitigate climate change and global warming (Kusmana et al., 2018). During the 20 century, there has been a distinct rise in the sea-level along with the change in ecosystems and the rate of occurrence of forest fire either by human actions or natural events (Lal, 2008). Carbon (C) is a primary component of all known life on Earth, representing approximately 50% of dry forest biomass (Kebede and Soromessa, 2018). It is the fourth most abundant element in the universe by mass after hydrogen, helium, and oxygen. The exchange of C among three reservoirs viz. the atmosphere, terrestrial biosphere and ocean, is known as the carbon cycle (Post et al., 1990). Forests are significant component of the global carbon cycle because they acts as carbon source or as carbon sink (Masera et al., 2003). About 30% of global land area is under permanent forest cover (Whitehead, 2011). Forest represents a major carbon pool, comprising approximately 60% of terrestrial carbon storage (Sandeep et al., 2014). Tropical, boreal and temperate Abstract The present communication deals with the carbon dynamics in the Himalaya hotspot region. The Himalaya, a mountain range shared by Pakistan, India, Nepal, Bhutan and Myanmar, is one of the biologically richest regions in the world that play an important role as source and sink in global carbon cycle. The purpose of this paper was to review and provide available studies related to carbon sequestration in the Himalayas. The carbon in forest is stored in five different pools viz. above-ground biomass, below-ground biomass, litter, deadwood and soil organic carbon. Estimates of biomass, carbon stock and soil organic carbon contents by almost all forest types including agroforestry systems and plantations in the Himalaya hotspot have been documented in this communication. The net rate of carbon sequestrated by forest was reported to be 2.4 ±0.4 Pg C yr on a global scale. The Indian Himalayan Region constitutes about 5.4 billion tonnes of C and sequesters about 65 million tonnes of C yr. We analysed more than 135 peer-reviewed journal articles related to biomass and carbon sequestration. The review identifies that the studies estimated 3697.05, 3898.10 and 4235.05 tonnes carbon per hectare for Western, Central and Eastern Himalayan region respectively. The research on the biomass/carbon estimation received attention as early as 1980s, but increased gradually after 2001. These findings would contribute to policy-makers with useful information for mitigation of CO2 emissions.

Trend of studies on carbon sequestration dynamics in the Himalaya hotspot region: A review