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The human immune system develops during fetal life in the sterile environment of the uterus. Directly after birth the baby, and its immune system, are exposed to an outside world, teeming with bacteria and viruses. The gastro-intestinal tract, also still sterile at birth, becomes rapidly colonized with large numbers of a large variety of bacteria. During development, the mucosal immune system becomes tolerant to resident, commensal bacteria. Via interaction with specific bacterial species, such as segmented filamentous bacteria and Bacteroides fragilis, as well as via bacterial metabolites such as butyrate, the neonatal immune system develops in a balanced and well-regulated manner. The importance of interaction of gut bacteria with the immune system also becomes evident in the outcome of check-point inhibition immunotherapy for cancer. Through mechanisms that need to be defined, gut bacteria improve the functionality of cytotoxic T-lymphocytes and thus enforce the anti-tumor response.

The Path of Life: On the Role of Microbiota in Mucosal Immunity