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In parallel to over-exploitation of groundwater resources of Indian Punjab, water pollution has turned out to be another serious challenge chiefly due to increased use of Agrochemicals (fertilizers, pesticides, insecticides, fungicides, herbicides, etc.). The Malwa region of the state consumes about 75% of the total pesticides used in Punjab. Nitrogen and phosphorus use of the state is nearly twice of that at national level. About 80% groundwater of Malwa region has Chapter contents Introduction  149 Routes of water pollution through point and non-point sources  151 General description  153 Extent of groundwater pollution in Punjab  153 Causes of water pollution (point and non-point sources) and prevalence of deadly diseases  154 Quality of irrigation water in Punjab  156 Water pollution through heavy metals and trace elements  157 Groundwater pollution through fluoride and iron  158 Groundwater contamination through use of pesticides and fertilizers  158 Problem identification and precautions  160 Water treatment and computation of water quality parameters (physio-chemical)  161 Remedies for controlling water pollution through use of pesticides, fertilizers, industrial wastes and other sources  161 Conclusions  169 References  170 149 become unfit for drinking containing high levels of pesticides, nitrate, magnesium, fluoride and heavy metals or trace elements. Under such a situation, the precision agricultural tools such as Leaf Colour Chart (LCC) and N-sensors for need based fertilizers application require their promotion in the state. Use of pesticides can be replaced through adoption of Integrated Pest Management (IPM), bio-pesticides, organic manures and crop diversification. There is a need to review and fortify the community programs for safe use of the chemicals through improved pesticide policies. The soilless cultivation of vegetable crops can also be adopted to have reduced water and soil pollution through controlled use of fertilizers. There arises a need for timely understanding and identification of sources of pollution and detection of contaminants associated with groundwater through appropriate measures such as complete blood analysis, physical and chemical analysis of water separately for preand post-monsoon seasons.

Groundwater pollution, causes, assessment methods and remedies for mitigation: A special attention to Indian Punjab