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This work investigates the pre- and syn-eruptive magmatic processes that culminated in the world’s youngest supereruption – the ~25.4 ka, 530 km³ Oruanui eruption from Taupo volcano, New Zealand – from the perspective of crystals contained in single parcels of frozen magma (pumice). The eruption is unusual in its variety of magmatic compositions. About 98-99 % by mass of the juvenile material is high-SiO₂ rhyolite (HSR; &gt;74 wt% SiO₂), with lesser volumes of tholeiitic and calc-alkaline mafic magmas (total 3-5 km³; basaltic andesite to andesite: 53-63 % SiO₂), low-silica rhyolite (LSR: 0.1-0.5 km³;  6 km), hotter (~820 °C) sources in the crystal mush roots to the system. Comparisons of LSR crystal compositions with cores to many HSR crystals for plagioclase, orthopyroxene and amphibole imply that the LSR magma was derived from pockets in the mush zone ruptured during escalation of the eruption vigour during phase 3. The LSR and its crystals are inferred to be closely similar in their characteristics to the feedstock magma that generated the melt-dominant body and evolved through subsequent cooling and fractionation to form the HSR.  In overall terms, the evidence from the crystal phases demonstrates that a super-sized rhyolite magma body can be physically created in a geologically very short period of time. The compositional textures and data for all the mineral phases, both previously published and newly presented in this work, yield a consistent story of extraordinarily rapid extraction of LSR melt and entrained crystals into a rapidly evolving and cooling HSR body. When coupled with field constraints these data establish a central role for extensional tectonics in regulating the pre-and syn-eruptive processes and their timings in the Oruanui system.

The Oruanui Eruption: Insights into the Generation and Dynamics of the World's Youngest Supereruption