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1.0 Introduction Palm oil industry has become the major agro-industries commodity in Malaysia since the last four decades. Malaysia is the second largest producer of palm oil in the world. In Malaysia, the plantation areas had cover about five million hectares in 2011 with 426 palm oil mills [1]. On average, 1 tonne of crude palm oil production requires 5-7 tonne of water and more than 50% of the water will be discharged as palm oil mill effluent (POME) [2]. POME containing high organics and suspended solid that needs to treat properly before discharged to the water bodies such as rivers to prevent water pollution that can destroying aquatic flora and fauna thus sustaining the environment. Various treatment methods had been tested in POME treatment such as pond treatment, anaerobic treatment, aerobic treatment, physicochemical treatment and latest using membrane separation [3]. These treatment technologies generally had their advantages and limitations. The phytoremediation term is a combination of Phyto (meaning plant) from Greek word and remedium (meaning correct or remove an evil) from Latin. The phytoremediation concept was introduced by Chaney (1983). The phytoremediation is the green technology approach and environmental friendly approach with the use of green plants, soil and the associated microorganism in reducing the pollutant. This technology were relatively recent technology in the research study since the last two decades (1990 onwards) with relatively low capital, operational and maintenance cost compared to other remediation option in the wastewater treatment [4], [5]. Constructed Wetland (CW) or also known as Artificial Wetland are the one of phytoremediation techniques that can effectively remove pollutant in water and wastewater [6]. CWs treatment systems promotes the sustainable approach along with the sustainable environment with utilize the functions of macrophytes and soil media in the domestic, municipal, agricultural and industrial water and wastewater treatment [7]. Besides, CW also promotes biodiversity where involvement of soil, water and plant in one systems. The aquatic plants have shown their enormous ability to absorb pollutants from aquatic environment by various mechanisms as reported by various researchers. The selections of suitable plants species are the main important aspect in the constructed wetland systems. The concept of phytoremediation thereby will be applying in the CW treatment systems to treat and reducing pollutant in POME. This review thus focuses on the mechanism, types of aquatic plants and operational design of phytoremediation in the CWs systems for further applications. 2.0 Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) POME were combination from three principle sources which are produced from sterilizer condensate, separator sludge and hydrocyclone wastewater in a ratio of 9:15:1, respectively[8]. Fresh POME are hot (8090oC), acidic (pH 4-5), dark brown in color, have foul smell, contains high organics (biological oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD)) content, high suspended solid (SS) and oil and grease [3]. Details on the characteristics of POME and other industrial effluent were tabulated in Table 1. As compared to other effluent, it clearly shows that POME has highest BOD, COD and SS. The characteristics of POME may varies depending on age of fruits, batches, climate, season, condition of the cropping process, and factory standard [8]. Estimated about 30% of the BOD load [9] and 50% of total SS load [8] contributes from POME to the aquatic environment. Therefore, this effluent should be treated and purified before being discharged into the environment to avoid serious environment degradation. The discharge must comply with the Malaysian Department of Environment (DOE) standard for Palm Oil Mill Effluent Discharge Standard as listed in Table 2. The palm oil industry therefore faces big challenges to comply with the standard and protect the environment to ensure the sustainable development. Table 1: Concentration of major pollutant in industrial wastewater and effluent Type of wastewate r BOD5 COD SS TKN NH 4-N Referen ce POME 10,250 43,750 ** 15,00 0100,0 00 5000 54,00 0 *180 1,40 0 480 [1] Rubber Mill Effluent 1,5007,000 3,50014,00

Phytoremediation Potential of Palm Oil Mill Effluent by Constructed Wetland Treatment