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Background:   We reviewed the clinical outcomes of a procedure that combines endovascular embolization and a direct surgical approach in a hybrid operating room (OR) for the treatment of refractory dural arteriovenous fistulas (dAVFs).    Methods:   All patients with intracranial dAVFs who underwent a procedure combining endovascular embolization and direct surgical approach with biplane angiography or a robotic C-arm system in a hybrid OR between February 2004 and June 2020 were considered. Borden grading, occlusion rate, pre-and post-operative modified Rankin Scale (mRS) scores, and complications were retrospectively investigated. The pre-and postoperative mRS scores were compared using the Wilcoxon signed-ranks test.    Results:   We evaluated 14 arteriovenous fistulas (AVFs) in consecutive 13 patients. Of these, ten AVFs were previously treated with endovascular embolization, ten were located in the transverse-sigmoid sinus, and four in the cortical vein. The Borden grade was II in two AVFs and III in 12 AVFs. Immediate occlusion of the AVF was achieved in 13 AVFs, and gradual occlusion was observed in one case. The median preoperative mRS was 1 (0–3), whereas the median postoperative mRS was 0 (0–1) which indicated marked improvement ( P  = 0.006). Complications including postoperative transient visual disturbance and intraprocedural extravasation were observed in only two cases.    Conclusion:   The combination of endovascular embolization and direct surgical approach in a hybrid OR could achieve sufficient occlusion of refractory AVFs with acceptable complication rates and improved symptoms.

surgical neurology international

Clinical outcomes of procedures combining endovascular embolization with a direct surgical approach in a hybrid operating room for the treatment of refractory dural arteriovenous fistulas