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This paper addresses human rights violationsin the context of gender powerrelationships and calls attention to theneed to examine the standards for humanrights assessments in the context of refugeesituations. This research is based onfieldwork carried out with RwandanHutu refugees during an 18-month assignmentas Project Director for CAREInternational in Ngara, Tanzania. Participantobservations, interviews, surveys,and focus group discussionsyielded a wealth of data concerning thecoping strategies of men and women.Women's coping strategies made themvulnerable: women without partners werethe least protected and took the greatestrisks in their efforts to survive and feedtheir children. Their adaptive behaviourincreased their risks of rape, sexual abuse,and exposure to HIV and other sexuallytransmitted diseases. These serious problemswere overshadowed by the chaoticbusiness of running a refugee camp. Inthe rush to accommodate the influx ofhundreds of thousands of refugees, thenon-governmental organizations andUN agencies established a relief infrastructurethat -- perversely -- gave theperpetrators of crimes, positions of powerwithin the camp, which enabled the genderviolations to persist.

Issues of Power and Empowerment in Refugee Studies: Rwandan Women's Adaptive Behaviour at Benaco Refugee Camp