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From the time the Second Temple was destroyed by the Romans in 70 C.E. until the establishment of Israel as a state in 1948, the Jewish people did not enjoy political or national independence. The large majority of Jews lived in various exiles, east and west. Only a few Jews remained in the Land of Israel, and their numbers declined over the years. The Jewish people's hope of returning to their land was anchored in the Bible, in the great prophecies of consolation, and in a thousand prayers and songs of yearning. In the mid-19th century, fewer than 20,000 Jews lived in Israel, most of them in neighbourhoods resembling ghettoes in the four "holy cities": Jerusalem, Hebron, Safed, and Tiberias. These Jews, most of whom came to the Holy Land to die and be buried there, prayed to God, like their fellow Jews in exile, three times a day: "Bring us back to Thee and we shall return; renew our days as in the past." From 1870 onward, a turnaround began in the lives of Jews in the land of Israel. In that year, the Mikveh Israel agricultural school was established on land near Jaffa. A few years later, the first Jewish agricultural villages arose, founded by young Jews who wanted to free themselves from the ghettoes in the land of Israel, or who came from exile, motivated both by the desire to flee oppression and the aspiration to return to their ancestral homeland. In 1897, Dr. Theodore Herzl founded Zionism as a modem national liberation movement whose purpose was the establishment of a state for the Jews in Israel. This original goal demanded that an increasing number of Jews immigrate to the land of Israel, or "make aliyah," a new expression

The Absorption of One Million Immigrants by Israel in the 1950s