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Architecture in Rome often looks like a mosaic; early antique marble chunks lie side by side with late antique brickwork and medieval stone blocks. This potpourri of material history can usually be attributed to spolia. The term originally referred to spoils of war, but among scholars its usage has expanded to any reuse of materials or artifacts. From Constantinople to Reims, evidence of repurposed structures can be seen in countless churches, walls, and monuments. Rome is arguably the greatest basis for the discussion of spolia; many of its most iconic sites are made up of a combination of ancient and medieval materials working in tandem. While there is evidence of material reuse throughout Republican and Imperial Rome, it was Constantine I who legitimized the practice of spoliation and set a precedent of imperial claim to existing monuments. Later emperors built on Constantine’s foundation and eventually papal figures adopted the practice. It is important to note that although spoliation often carries the negative connotations of looting and plunder, it was actually a legal practice is most cases; legislation compiled by Emperor Theodosius clearly outlined regulations on what could be repurposed, how it could be presented, and who had the power to do so. Theodosius’s legislation covered the period from the 320s to the 420s, but given the depth and quantity of the collection it is fair to assume that similar legislation had existed in Rome since Constantine I. In the time between these two emperors, the use of spolia shifted greatly; many scholars attach a symbolic purpose to the spolia of emperor Constantine I but attribute Theodosius and his papal contemporaries' use of spolia to the economic decline of the empire. In this essay I will explore commonly cited motivations behind the use of spolia in Rome. I will then review specific case

Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle: The Spolia of Late Antique and Early Christian Rome