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is what makes individuals part of society (Reid & Purcell, 2004), but group identification does not come without consequences. Stereotype threat describes how people who have a strong group affiliation perceive that they are evaluated based on stereotypes about members of the group, rather than on an individual level (Steele, 1997). Such beliefs (true or not) may be explicit or they may simply be known to exist (i.e., be implicit); either way the beliefs manifest themselves in a fear of conforming to the negative stereotype and validating the negative perception of the whole group (Steele, 1997). Although the effect has been documented most commonly in groups based on gender (e.g., Brown & Josephs, 1999; Schmader, 2002; Spencer, Steele, & Quinn, 1999) and race (e.g., Aronson, Fried, & Good, 2002; Smith & White, 2002; Steele & Aronson, 1995), the effect also occurs to members of groups resulting from other demographic distinctions, such as SES (Croizet & Claire, 1998) or athleticism (Stone, 2002). Three conditions must be present in order for stereotype threat to influence individuals negatively. First, the people in the group must know that the stereotype exists even if it is unstated, and that expectations of them are low because of beliefs that people in the group are not skilled in some area (Brown & Josephs, 1999). Second, people in the group must genuinely care that there is a negative stereotype about their abilities (Aronson et al., 1999). Finally, there must be an opportunity for the individuals about whom there is a stereotype to underperform (Steele, 1997). If these conditions are present, performance can be greatly undermined. Contributing to the pressure some people feel to favorably represent their group is the problem that stereotypes are not always accurate. For example, men are perceived as being smarter than women, but several indicators of intellect, including college GPA, reveal that women are as bright as men (Beyer, 1999). An implicit stereotype threat can be so strong that individuals' performances are influenced whether the stereotype is correct or not, and the more salient the

Does Making Salient Task Relevance to Group Affiliation Decrease the Performance of Male Athletes on Spatial Tasks?