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In one of my first books published in 1991, I wrote that after the collapse of European border regimes of Versailles, Yalta and Helsinki, the only European border regime to survive was the one established in London. Twenty-two years ago, I thought that border regimes established in Europe, (as a result of diplomatic conferences following great wars), reflected the geopolitical reality of the times back then, and as such, were in no way permanent. Despite the fact that these great powers decided to establish borders after these conferences (by proclaiming the borders as “unchangeable”), as time went by, the European political map has continously changed. Since the Peace of Westphalia, (1648) , to the Vienna peace (1815), and up to the Berlin peace (1878), borders were initially fixed on diplomatic tables as “unchangeable” but later, would change due to new realities in the field.

The Geopolitics of London One Century Later: The Last Regime of Unchanged European Borders