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The majority of forest cover in the British Uplands had been lost by the beginning of the \udNineteenth Century, because of felling followed by overgrazing by sheep and deer. The \udsituation remained unchanged until a government policy of afforestation, mainly by exotic \udconifers, after the First World War up to the present day. This paper analyses the distribution \udof these predominantly coniferous plantations, and shows how they occupy specific parts of \udupland landscapes in different zones throughout Britain. Whilst some landscapes are \uddominated by these new forests, elsewhere the blocks of trees are more localised. Although \udthese forests virtually eliminate native ground vegetation, except in rides and unplanted land, \udthe major negative impacts are at the landscape level. For example, drainage systems are \udaltered and ancient cultural landscape patterns are destroyed. These impacts are summarised \udand possible ways of amelioration are discussed. By contrast, in recent years, a series of \udprojects have been set up to restore native forest cover, as opposed to the extensive \udplantations of exotic species. Accordingly, the paper then provides three examples of such \udinitiatives designed to restore native forests to otherwise bare landscapes, as well as setting \udthem into a policy context. Whilst such projects cover a limited proportion of the British \udUplands they nevertheless restore forest to landscapes at a local level

The Landscape Ecological Impact of Afforestation on the British Uplands and Some Initiatives to Restore Native Woodland Cover