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Correct monitoring and control of the state of the environment and scientific research on the subject of environmental protection often require that determinations of compounds present at very low concentrations be made in samples characterized by a matrix of complex composition (e.g., biological samples, water and soil samples). Moreover, due to the limited number of analytical techniques which are sufficiently sensitive to conduct direct determinations of trace components, it is necessary to employ analytical procedures that involve an analyte isolation and enrichment step prior to final analyte quantification. Technical and methodological solutions described in previous chapters allow for reduced dimensions of equipment and the amount of material used at the sample preparation stage prior to analysis. Therein, the reader will find a detailed description of specific techniques and their associated analytical methods, including their range of application for isolating certain types of analytes from various kinds of samples. The aim of this chapter is to evaluate pro-ecological effects resulting from the miniaturization of sample preparation techniques. Although the elaboration of most of the aforementioned solutions was dictated by very different demands, e.g., cost reduction, ease of application and the ability to create hyphenated analytical systems, the environmental effects are also considered to be a key benefit to their development. A discussion of the relationship between the miniaturization of analyte isolation and enrichment techniques and the requirements posed by green analytical techniques should begin by reminding the reader of the fundamental targets that guide green analytical chemistry (GAC). At present, it is commonly accepted that the development of analytical techniques should proceed by following the priority issues: 1. discontinuation of or significant reduction in the use of environmentally-harmful chemical compounds in analytical procedures, with a special emphasis on organic solvents 2. limiting the emission of vapors and gases

8 Green Aspects of Miniaturized Sample Preparation Techniques