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Harvests of the Asari clam Ruditapes philippinarum have drastically decreased in Japan since the mid-1980s. In this article, I review the discussions of the facts and factors surrounding the decrease of clam populations in ˆve major clam harvesting areas (Tokyo Bay, Mikawa Bay, Ise Bay, Suo-Nada, and Ariake Bay) in Japan. Reclamation and over-harvesting directly decreased the standing stock of the clam in many areas. Over-harvesting, however, is unlikely to be responsible for the long-standing low stock levels, because strict harvesting regulations after the clam numbers decreased seldom enabled clam production levels to recover. EŠects of hypoxic water, river ‰ushing, erosion by strong winter waves, immigration of new predators, and outbreak of parasites have exacerbated the clam population decrease in recent years, but it is uncertain whether these factors were applicable in the 1980s. The past decrease and present failure to recover may not be attributable to the same causative factors. In this review, I outline two recommendations for future discussions. Firstly, discussions should be targeted clearly at decreases during a speciˆc period because clam harvests can be aŠected by multiple factors with diŠerent timing and duration. Secondly, discussions should be carried out in a multidisciplinary manner for comparative analyses.

Revisiting recent decades of conflicting discussions on the decrease of Asari clam <i>Ruditapes philippinarum</i> in Japan: A review