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In this paper, a new approach is used for numerical analysis of the sole   effects of nanoparticles volume fraction of Cu-water nanofluid on laminar   mixed and natural convection heat transfer in a 2D cavity. Horizontal walls   are insulated and fixed, and vertical walls are maintained at constant   temperature. Vertical walls are considered for both fixed and moving   conditions. Some researchers have studied flow and heat transfer of nanofluid   in a lid-driven cavity, keeping fixed both Ri and Gr. They found that by the   increase of nanoparticles volume fraction, Nu number increases, then from   this result they concluded the total heat transfer increases from the walls.   It is shown that total heat transfer obtained from the Nu number by the   mentioned approach results from not only the nanoparticles volume fraction   increase but also temperature difference and walls velocity increases. Thus,   this approach is not appropriate to study the sole effects of nanoparticles   volume fractions on the mixed convection heat transfer. Using the new   approach, it is shown that in order to have specific heat transfer rate from   the walls, base fluid (water) needs less power for moving the wall than   cu-nanofluid. Therefore, the usage of Cu-water nanofluid is not recommended   to increase mixed convection heat transfer in a lid-driven cavity. Moreover,   using this new approach, it is shown that the increase of nanoparticles   volume fraction reduces natural convection heat transfer, which is   contradictory to the previous studies. Thus, its usage is not recommended for   this case as well

thermal science/thermal science

A new approach for the analysis of the nanoparticles effects on Cu-water nanofluid mixed convection heat transfer and required power in a lid-driven cavity