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Bitter vetch (Vicia ervilia (L.) Willd.) was a part of the everyday diet of   the Eurasian Neanderthal population and the modern human Palaeolithic   hunter-gatherers at the end of the last Ice Age. The major criteria to   determine the domestication in bitter vetch and other ancient grain legumes   are non-dehiscent pods, larger seed size and smooth seed testa. Bitter vetch   seeds were found among the earliest findings of cultivated crops at the site   of Tell El-Kerkh, Syria, from 10th millennium BP. Along with cereals, pea and   lentil, bitter vetch has become definitely associated with the start of the   'agricultural revolution' in the Old World. Bitter vetch entered Europe in   its south-east regions and progressed into its interior via Danube. Its   distribution was rapid, since the available evidence reveals its presence in   remote places at similar periods. Recently the first success has been   obtained in the extraction of ancient DNA from charred bitter vetch seeds.   The linguistic evidence supports the fact that most of Eurasian peoples have   their own words denoting bitter vetch, meaning that its cultivation preceded   the diversification of their own proto-languages. [Projekat Ministarstva   nauke Republike Srbije, br. TR-31024 i br. 173005

A note on the earliest distribution, cultivation and genetic changes in bitter vetch (Vicia ervilia) in ancient Europe