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The   influence   of   the   ecclesiastical   architecture   was   very   obvious on   the community;  it was  used for  proselytizing  purposes  and to  express  the  greatness  of  the church.  The church  became  a  link  between  believers  and  heaven  and  a  small-scale representation  of  the  universe,  where  the  kingdom  of  God  extends.Forexample,  theceilingof churches, especially the domes,symbolizesheaven, which is the throne of God. An indispensable analysis was carried out to understand the typology of churches,based on  the  plan  and  spatial  composition,  therefore  to  make  them  easily  recognizable. This paper  primarily  aims to  define  the  typological  classification  of  the historicLebanese churches, to monitor the different characteristicsandto develop a wider understanding of these architectural features. This study relates to ecclesiastical temples from the 8th century to the 13th century in Koura, Batroun and Byblos. Most of the historicchurches and monasteries of Lebanon are located in the north of Lebanon,especially in the areas of Koura, Batroun and Byblos (Jbeil), where the majority of Christian communities still reside until now.Unfortunately, there are no remaining churches before the 8th century, especially after the great earthquake that struck Lebanon in 551 AD. The Crusader period takes  place  from  the  end  of  the  eleventh  century  to  the  end  of  the  thirteenth  century (between 1095 and 1291 AD). In the 13th century, the Fourth Crusade left behind a series of important churches that had a great impact on the architecture of Lebanon. In total, 128  temples  were  studied  in  my  article;later,  I  will  identifythemand  represent  theirtypology in six tables.

The Typological Classification of the Old Lebanese Churches in Koura, Batroun and Byblos, from the 8th Century to the 13th Century