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Agro-industrial by-products are annually produced worldwide. Such by-products could be used in animal feeding contributing to overcome the shortage of animal feedstuffs. However, fibrous byproducts are characterized by high lignin content, low protein content, and low digestibility which, in addition to the poor palatability of lignocellulosic biomass, can limit its use as a unique ingredient in diets and its inclusion level in a complete diet. Lignin is known to reduce the digestibility of plant cell wall (Shrivastava et al., 2014). Despite the existence of physical (i.e., grinding) and chemical (i.e., soaking with sodium hydroxide or alkaline hydrogen peroxide solutions (Ghasemi et al., 2013)) methods to improve the nutritive value of fibrous by-products, research is currently focused on biological approaches, more environmentally friendly and widely acceptable (Basu et al., 2002; Kuhar et al., 2008; Neifar et al., 2013). Organisms such as white rot fungi, some soil microbes and some insects are known to have the ability to degrade lignin (Borji, 2003). Insects such as beetles, cockroaches and termites are able to use wood as a feed source. Ability of termites to digest lignin barrier and polymer carbohydrates has been well demonstrated (Hyodo et al., 1999; Watanabe and Tokuda, 2010). In recent years increased attention has been paid to the role of bacteria in ABSTRACT. This experiment evaluated the effects of the inoculation of lignocellulosic biomass from wheat straw (LBWS) and date (Phoenix dactylifera L.) leaf (LBDL) with bacteria (Bacillus licheniformis, Ochrobactrum intermedium and Microbacterium paludicola) with lignocellulose-degrading potential isolated from termite gut on the nutritive value of these substrates. Inoculation with B. licheniformis and M. paludicola had a significant effect on chemical composition (organic matter, crude protein and neutral detergent fibre (NDF) contents) of LBWS whereas for LBDL bacterial treatments only tended to affect protein and NDF contents. LBWS inoculated with B. licheniformis and M. paludicola promoted a lower in vitro gas production from soluble fractions, while all bacterial treatments lowered gas production from insoluble but fermentable fractions of LBDL. Bacterial treatments differently affected the nutritive value of LBWS and LBDL – the effects were more marked for LBWS and with the inoculation with B. licheniformis and M. paludicola. None of the bacteria degraded lignin after three weeks of inoculation. More research is needed to evaluate longer bacterial treatments and different bacterial strains. Received: 22 January 2018 Revised: 22 May 2018 Accepted: 14 August 2018

Rumen fermentation of lignocellulosic biomass from wheat straw and date leaf inoculated with bacteria isolated from termite gut