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Bovine milk and dairy products are widely consumed and routinely considered staples in many countries. Some dietary phenolic compounds are transferrable to bovine milk and may exert benefits for human health. Recognised benefits include protection against oxidative damage (Alenisan et al., 2017), prevention of chronic diseases (Vuazour et al., 2010) and inhibition of oxidative stress and cell destruction associated with degenerative diseases and with modern lifestyles (Willcox et al., 2004). Additionally, antioxidant effects of phenols help prevent oxidative scavenging of free radicals in dairy products, prolonging shelf life (Alenisan et al., 2017). Also, specific fatty acids (FA) have been clinically documented to have particular health promoting effects. These include α-linolenic acid (C18:3 n‒3; ALA) and rumenic acid (cis-9, trans-11 C18:2; RA) – one of the notably beneficial conjugated linoleic acid isomers caused by ruminal biohydrogenation (Białek et al., 2017). Benefits include decreased inflammation, prevention of a number of diseases, optimal cell signalling and increased immune function (German and Dillard, 2006; Białek et al., 2017). Other FA such as linoleic acid (C18:2 n‒6; LA), are explicit in modern diets and may cause adverse effects when consumed in disproportionate amounts (Calder, 2015). ABSTRACT. Milk and dairy products considerably contribute to the nutritional value of human diets. In order to benefit human nutrition bovine milk fatty acid composition and phenol content are effectively manipulated by the cow’s diet. However, response times taken for these alterations to occur have not been quantified. In the present study, fatty acid composition and phenol content of the milk were evaluated after three days of feeding six cows six different diets, supplemented with six different tanniferous plants (hazel, silver birch, blackcurrant, grape vine, wood avens and rosebay willow with total tannin concentrations of 26, 36, 42, 52, 55 and 79 g/kg dry matter, respectively). Lucerne was applied as the low-phenol control diet. Substantial changes in total phenols and fatty acids were found in milk samples after just three days. Proportions of cis-9 trans-11 C18:2 and trans-11 C18:1 declined by 29 and 68%, respectively, in comparison to milk from cows fed lucerne, indicating a definitive ruminal biohydrogenation response. However, there were no significant effects between test plants and lucerne when comparing C18:3 n-3 and C18:2 n-6 proportions in milk fat. So, it was demonstrated that phenols and certain individual fatty acids in bovine milk can be rapidly modified by adding specific tanniferous plants to the diet. Received: 4 August 2020 Revised: 20 October 2020 Accepted: 30 November 2020

Rapid responses in bovine milk fatty acid composition and phenol content to various tanniferous forages