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Total mixed ration (TMR) silage has been commonly used in Asian countries because of its balanced nutrients, good aerobic stability and easy transportation (Xu et al., 2007; Weinberg et al., 2011; Miyaji et al., 2017). In the previous study we have indicated that TMR silage increases the digestibility of crude protein (CP), ether extract and acid detergent fibre (ADF) and decreases ruminal methane emissions and energy loss of sheep in comparison to unfermented TMR (Cao et al., 2010). Moreover, TMR silage reduces urinary N loss without adverse effects on feed intake, milk production and ruminal fermentation of lactating cows (Miyaji et al., 2013). However, high moisture content and prolonged ensiling caused excessive acidification of TMR silage especially during the summer season (Hao et al., 2015). The over-acidification leads to a decline in silage palatability which often reduces feed intake and growth performance of livestock (Gao and Oba, 2014; Oladosu et al., 2016). Furthermore, high moisture content of TMR promotes undesirable microbes including aerobic bacteria and moulds which may lead to lower aerobic deterioration after unsealing (Hao et al., 2015; Wang et al., 2016). The additives for TMR silages under high moisture and prolonged ensiling condition may improve TMR fermentation and safer salts have been proposed as alternative silage additives (Oladosu et al., 2016). ABSTRACT. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of calcium carbonate (CCA) on the fermentation quality, aerobic stability and microbial counts during the aerobic deterioration of two high moisture total mixed ration (TMR) silages. The alfalfa hay, sweet potato residue, maize flour, soybean meal, molasses and vitamin-mineral supplement were mixed on a dry matter (DM) basis in the rations of 40:30:18:9:2:1, respectively, to prepare TMR. The moisture level of TMR silage was adjusted to 600 (medium) and 750 g/kg (high) before ensiling with 0, 5, 15 and 25 g/kg CCA (on a fresh weight (FW) basis). The fermentation quality, chemical composition, microbial counts and aerobic stability of TMR were assessed after 150 days of ensiling. It was observed that pH, lactic acid, acetic acid, ammonia nitrogen and the population of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were influenced (P < 0.05) by moisture level, CCA application and their interaction. Likewise, adding increasing amounts of CCA increased aerobic stability (P < 0.05) of the TMR silage from 18.4 to 23.7 days and from 3.7 to 11.5 days at medium and high moisture level, respectively. Moreover, it was observed that the growth of yeasts and aerobic bacteria were inhibited by the CCA application during the aerobic deterioration. The application of CCA additive is an appropriate strategy for improving fermentation quality and aerobic stability of both relatively high moisture TMR silages. Received: 4 December 2019 Revised: 19 May 2020 Accepted: 9 June 2020

Effects of calcium carbonate on the fermentation quality and aerobic stability of total mixed ration silage