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Dietary boron supplementation affects the metabolism of substances such as Ca, Mg, triglycerides, glucose, amino acids, reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, hormones such as 17β-estradiol, calcitonin, 25-hydroxy-cholecalciferol (Nielsen, 2002; 2014; Kot, 2009). Moreover, some boron-compounds (like calcium fructoborate, boric acid or borax) have antioxidant or/and anti-inflammatory properties (Scorei, 2011). On the other hand, boron-deficient diets have been linked to many pathological conditions, including several forms of osteoporosis and osteoarthritis and cancers (Geyikoglu and Turkez, 2008; Horiguchi et al., 2015). Interestingly, the effects of boron compounds on carcinogenesis are extensively studied; numerous current studies define biological effects of boron (like anticancerogenic activity) based on cell cultures, metabolic and cellular processes in animals (Bakke, 1991; Rudd, 1991; Penland, 1998; Hunt and Idso, 1999; Hunt, 2003; Geyikoglu and Turkez, 2008; Doğan et al., 2017). In previous systematic investigations on the biological significance of boron to nutritional, hormonal, metabolic and physiological processes it was also documented that boron supports normal biological functions of higher animals and humans (Kabu and Akosman, 2013). However, the nesessity of boron ABSTRACT. Boron is a metalloid that plays an important role in the functioning of cell membrane, enzymatic reactions and the hormonal and mineral metabolism of animals. Boron is also thought to be an essential metalloid for animals. Boron compounds have a wide range of physiological effects in living organisms when occurring at low levels, while toxic at high levels. Boron does not accumulate efficiently in soft tissues; but it accumulates efficiently in the bones. More than 90% of the excessive amount of borate in mammals is excreted as boric acid in the urine. Boron has an impact on skeletal metabolism, thus it affects bone growth and compositional properties of soft tissues in animals and humans. Boron-rich diets have a beneficial impact on the calcification and maintenance of mammalian bones, central nervous system functions, and also play a positive role in maintaining the structural integrity and function of cell membranes. Borate in the perinatal diet of cattle improves animal metabolic status stimulating glucose metabolism and limiting lipolysis intensity. The main purpose of the present review was to recapitulate the most important findings regarding the biochemical mechanisms responsible for beneficial physiological effects of boron in animals and humans. Received: 11 June 2019 Revised: 22 November 2019 Accepted: 5 December 2019

Selected physiological effects of boron compounds for animals and humans. A review