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High-fat intake is a recognized risk factor for dyslipidemia and metabolic disorders leading to cardiovascular diseases, obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (Baum et al., 2012; Silva Figueiredo et al., 2017). However, the ultimate effect of a high-fat diet on the lipid and glucose metabolism, beside genetic background, depends on a dietary fat composition. A diet high in saturated fatty acids exerts more deleterious effect on fat metabolism than diet containing high amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). Excessive ingestion of animal fat induces weight gain, hyperlipidemia (Siri-Tarino et al., 2010) and insulin resistance in humans (Silva Figueiredo et al., 2017), and in animals (Buettner et al., 2007). However, a beneficial effect of n-3 PUFAs on plasma triglycerides and lipoprotein levels (Baum et al., 2012), in part by the regulation of gene expression of the enzyme involved in fatty acid oxidation and lipoprotein metabolism (Jump et al., 2013), was demonstrated in the literature. Studies evaluating the effect of PUFAs on glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity yielded divergent results. It has been shown in animals that ingestion of high amount of n-6 PUFAs increased (Lee et al., 2006), or decreased insulin sensitivity (Tekeleselassie et al., 2014), or was positively correlated with obesity and insulin resistance (Cameron and Ghosh, 2013). Regarding n-3 PUFAs, dietary intervention showed their beneficial role in the prevention of insulin resistance (Liu et al., 2013), ABSTRACT. A composition of dietary fat considerably affects the metabolism of nutrients, especially high-fat diet is associated with various metabolic disorders, diabetes and cardiovascular diseases in humans. Studies on rodents are an established model to investigate the pathophysiology of excessive fat in diets, hence the aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of dietary fats different in composition on plasma lipids, glucose and insulin levels in non-genetically modified rats instead of genetic models of obesity or diabetes. Animals were fed purified lowor high-fat (12 and 40% energy from fat, respectively) diets containing the same fat sources – lard, sunflower oil or menhaden oil for six weeks. Feeding menhaden oil, both in lowand high-fat diets, resulted in decreased plasma triglyceride, total cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in comparison to diets composed of lard or sunflower oil. However, high-fat diet with menhaden oil caused an increase in plasma glucose and insulin levels, which resulted in the increased HOMA-IR (Homeostatic Model Assessment – Insulin Resistance) index in relation to low-fat diet with the same oil. The obtained results demonstrate that high menhaden oil intake has the hypolipidemic effect but can impair glucose homeostasis in non-genetically modified rats. Received: 15 June 2018 Revised: 14 December 2018 Accepted: 27 February 2019

A diet rich in menhaden oil has the hypolipidemic effect but increases plasma glucose and insulin levels in rats