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This thesis proposed to elucidate the relationship between stress and long-term behaviour and survival in fish. The first study investigated whether "carryover" effects of stress influence a fish's ability to tolerate future stressors. Bluegill {Lepomis macrochirus) were exposed to chronic Cortisol elevations and exposed to stressors in the shortand longterm. Fish were unable to tolerate secondary stressors in the long-term even after physiologically recovering from the Cortisol elevation. Next, the consequences of stress on spawning grounds were investigated using a semelparous species, the pink salmon {Oncorhynchus gorbuschd). Pink salmon did not alter reproductive behaviour, physiology or success after exposure to acute stress. Chronically elevating Cortisol levels caused a decrease in longevity and reproductive success and affected behaviour. The findings from both studies suggest that chronic elevations of Cortisol can influence fitness. The experimental approach used is novel since few field studies have manipulated Cortisol titres in the wild.

Understanding the ecological consequences of stress in wild fish using exogenous cortisol implants