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Friction welding was carried out on austenitic and ferritic stainless steels (diameter: 3 mm). The practical process windows, that is, weld lobes, were shown for similar and dissimilar welding. Proper balance of heat and deformation was necessary to form a favorable weld interface that had no unbonded regions and oxide layers. The microstructural refinement of both stainless steels occurred near the weld interface because of dynamic recrystallization. In the case of dissimilar welding, a lamellar structure of alpha and gamma phases was formed in the microstructural refinement region of type 430 steel, and strain-induced martensite was formed in type 304 steel.

Small-scale friction welding of similar and dissimilar stainless steels