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Iterative methods are used to generate Lyapunov vectors (LVs) and singular vectors (SVs). Their roles in describing atmospheric error growth and predictability are studied. LVs are produced by evolving a set of initially random perturbations and using a modified Gram-Schmidt re-orthogonalisation to ensure their orthogonality. The structures of LVs and SVs, and finite-time normal modes (FTNMs), are compared with patterns of 100 errors evolving in a barotropic tangent linear model.

Iterative methods for Lyapunov vectors and singular vectors and atmospheric predictability