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Three folds Japan-Indonesia joint study on breast cancer has been conducted, i, e, epidemiological, clinical and histopathological aspects. Case-control study was used throughout as standard method. Hisopathologically confirmed breast cancer cases were women aged 25-69 years with primary tumor. The study was performed in two batches, i.e. during the first batch 300 cases and 600 controls, and during the second batch 226 cases and 552 controls were collected. The epidemiological study revealed that in premenopausal breast cancer increased risk was related to breast trauma, contraceptive use, milk and fresh fruits intakes ; while decreased risk was related to cooked vegetable intake. In postmenopausal breast cancer increased risk was found in age at menarche of 15 years or over, regular menstruation after 30 years, and milk consumption ; while decreased risk was related to divorced or widowed status, and number of live births or children breast-fed. The clinicopathological findings showed that the Indonesian breast cancer had already occured more frequently at younger age group (10-29 years) and peaked at 40-49 years group. The majority was at advanced stage, the stage I and II was 2% and 15.3% respectively. In contrast, the majority of Japanese cases were at early stage. The majority (88.33%) of Indonesian breast cancers was the invasive carcinoma, while 1.33% was the noninvasive carcinoma and 9.67% was the special type. Medullary carcinoma was found more frequently among the Indonesian females as compared to the Japanese females. Further nutritional analysis showed that certain micronutrients increased the risk such as fat, animal protein, mineral, calcium, phosphate, ferrum. Retinol, thiamin and ascorbic acid of the postmarriage intakes might contribute to the risk, while such indication was not shown by the premarriage intakes. The importance of the interaction of certain micronutrients instead of interpreting the effect of individual nutrient separately has to be considered. J Epidemiol, 1996 ; 6 : S175-S180.

Similar and Dissimilar Findings in Japan-Indonesia Case-Control Study on Breast Cancer : Two Phases Study